School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research in Medicine 1735-5311 49 2 2025 9 1 The Effect of Glucosamine and Tranexamic Acid on Acute Wound Healing Caused by Incision in Mice 1 8 FA Mohammadreza Zamani Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Siavash Parvardeh Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Hadi Farjoo Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Abbas Sheikholeslami Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background and Aim: Wound healing is a complex, multi- phase process influenced by local, systemic, and pharmacological factors. Glucosamine and tranexamic acid, owing to their anti- inflammatory and tissue- reparative properties, are compounds that may positively influence tissue regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical glucosamine and tranexamic acid, individually and in combination, on the healing rate of acute surgical wounds in mice. Methods: In this experimental- laboratory study, 25 male mice were randomly divided into 5 groups including a sham group without any drug, a control group treated with the drug base, and treatment groups including 20% ​​glucosamine, 6% tranexamic acid, and a combination of both. After generating full- thickness excisional wounds on the dorsal neck region using a biopsy punch, the topical formulations were applied daily for 12 consecutive days. Wound healing progression was assessed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 using digital imaging, and wound area was quantified using ImageJ software. Data were analyzed by one- way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: Comparative analysis of wound sizes across time points revealed no statistically significant differences between any of the treatment groups (glucosamine, tranexamic acid, or their combination) and the control group (P > 0/05). Conclusion: Despite previous reports suggesting beneficial effects of glucosamine and tranexamic acid on wound repair, the present study demonstrated that topical application of these agents at the tested doses did not significantly accelerate the healing rate of acute surgical wounds in mice.

School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research in Medicine 1735-5311 49 2 2025 9 1 The Effect of Eight Weeks of High- Intensity Interval Training Combined with Saffron Extract Supplementation on Serum Levels of Inflammatory Markers TNF-α and CRP in Overweight Men 9 25 FA Bahloul Ghorbanian Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Roghayeh Fakhrpour Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Armin Behmanesh Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Ayuob Izadi Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. Background and Aim: Obesity and being overweight are associated with increased low- grade chronic inflammation, which predisposes individuals to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, identifying effective, natural, non- pharmacological interventions to reduce inflammation is essential. High- intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as an effective method for improving metabolic health and reducing inflammatory markers. Saffron has also attracted attention due to its antioxidant and anti- inflammatory properties. However, the combined effect of HIIT and saffron supplementation on inflammatory factors has been less studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous effect of HIIT and saffron consumption on TNF-α and CRP levels in overweight men. Methods: This quasi- experimental study used a pre-test /post- test design with a control group. Forty overweight men (BMI 25-29.9) were recruited through a public call and randomly assigned to four equal groups: (1) HIIT + placebo, (2) HIIT + saffron supplementation, (3) saffron supplementation only, and (4) control (no training or supplementation). Participants in the saffron and HIIT + saffron groups consumed one 30 mg capsule of saffron dry extract daily for eight weeks in a single- blind manner. The HIIT + placebo group received an empty capsule. The HIIT groups performed three sessions of HIIT per week for eight weeks. The control group continued their usual daily activities. Pre- test measurements were taken before the interventions, and post-test measurements were taken 48 hours after the final training session and supplementation. Blood samples were collected by a laboratory expert, and serum TNF-α and CRP levels were measured using ELISA (Podgin- Teb kits). Paired t-tests were used for within- group comparisons, and ANCOVA was used to assess between-group differences. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: After eight weeks, a significant decrease in TNF-α was observed in the HIIT + saffron group (0.64 ± 0.15; P = 0.001). CRP levels in this group also significantly decreased (4.87 ± 0.44; P = 0.001). In the HIIT-only group, no significant change in TNF-α was found (0.95 ± 0.28; P = 0.42), but CRP decreased significantly (5.92 ± 0.52; P = 0.037). In the saffron- only group, TNF-α showed no significant change (1.18 ± 0.24; P = 0.89), while CRP significantly decreased (5.82 ± 0.66; P = 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the control group (P > 0.05). Between- group comparisons indicated significant differences in favor of the combined HIIT + saffron group. Overall, the combination of HIIT and saffron supplementation had a greater effect on reducing inflammatory markers than either intervention alone. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that combining HIIT with saffron supplementation significantly reduces TNF-α and CRP levels, as well as body weight, in overweight men. The anti- inflammatory effects were greater in the combined group than in the other groups. Based on these results, the simultaneous use of exercise interventions and herbal supplements such as saffron extract may be considered a non- pharmacological approach to improving inflammation associated with being overweight.

School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research in Medicine 1735-5311 49 2 2025 9 1 Investigating the Correlation between Social Support and Levels of Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Older Adult Patients before Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting at Shahid Rajaee Cardiovascular Educational, Research and Treatment Institute in 2024 26 35 FA Mohadeseh Sadri Iranian Research Center on Aging, Department of Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Parvin Cheraghi Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Aram yazdani Psychosomatics Fellowship, Cardiovascular Research Center, Shaheed Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Faranak Kargar Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Shaheed Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Tehran, Iran. Background and Aim: Older adults often experience stress, anxiety and depression due to physiological and social changes. Social support is considered a key factor in alleviating these issues. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between social support and levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in older adults awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at the Shahid Rajaee Cardiovascular, Educational, Research, and Treatment Center in Tehran. Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted on 120 hospitalized older adult patients in Tehran in 1403 (Iranian calendar) using a convenience sampling method with continuous recruitment. Inclusion criteria were age over 60 years, candidacy for elective CABG surgery, ability to communicate, and willingness to participate. Data were collected through demographic questionnaires, the Philips Social Support Standard Questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) via face-to-face interviews. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between social support and levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was also applied to examine associations between social support and psychological distress. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: More than half of the participants (65.8%) were male, and most (82.5%) were married. The mean social support score was 45.49 ± 15.48. The findings showed a significant positive correlation between social support and depression (r = 0.30), anxiety (r = 0.81), and stress (r = 0.76). The structural equation model indicated that stress and anxiety are directly associated with social support. Additionally, stress, beyond its direct impact through anxiety, also influences social support. Conclusion: The relationship between social support and depression, anxiety and stress in cardiovascular patients appears to be complex and multidimensional, highlighting the need for further research in this area.

School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research in Medicine 1735-5311 49 2 2025 9 1 Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV) in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Encephalitis at Mofid Children’s Hospital, Tehran, in 1401 (2022)- 1402 (2023) 36 45 FA Golnaz Dehghan Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azar Bazrgaran Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ebrahim Faghihloo Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background and Aim: Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain parenchyma, is a serious and complex condition in children, characterized by fever, headache and altered consciousness. It may result in permanent brain damage, neurological disabilities, or even death. The causes of encephalitis are diverse, including infectious and non-infectious factors. Viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Epstein - Barr virus (EBV), and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) are common infectious agents that can directly or indirectly damage the brain. Early detection and treatment of these viral infections are crucial for reducing complications and preventing long- term sequelae. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 45 children suspected of encephalitis were collected. After cell counting and CSF analysis, viral DNA was extracted using the High Pure PCR kit. DNA quality was confirmed by amplification of the GAPDH gene. Multiplex PCR was then performed to detect the presence of CMV and EBV in the samples. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Of the 45 CSF samples, 68.3% were from male and 31.7% from female patients. Molecular analysis detected no CMV in any sample, while one sample tested positive for EBV. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of rapid diagnosis and timely management of viral encephalitis. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to better clarify the viral etiology of encephalitis.

School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research in Medicine 1735-5311 49 2 2025 9 1 Investigation of the Frequency of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Related Factors among Dentists in Zanjan from March 2020 to February 2023 46 56 FA Foad Saleki Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Ali Hosseini Sani Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Vaezjalali Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background and Aim: Dentists, due to direct contact with saliva, blood, and contaminated aerosols, are at high risk of contracting respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19). Given the possibility of re-emergence or emergence of new diseases, the importance of reinfection and its related factors, and the limited available information, this study was conducted among dentists in Zanjan from March 2020 to February 2023. Methods: The questionnaire designed for this cross-sectional study was completed in person over a period of seven months by 160 dentists who met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Eta statistics, Spearman’s rank correlation test, and Kendall’s τb test. The validity of the questionnaire was established through previous studies and consultations with dental specialists, particularly infectious disease experts. Reliability was assessed using the test-retest method with a 10-day interval. Related factors were determined based on the background and expertise of relevant faculty members and are presented using descriptive statistics. Results: Among the 160 participants, 117 (73.1%) had been infected with COVID-19 at least once. Receiving the first to third doses of various vaccines showed a moderate correlation (η² = 0.07-0.09) with non-infection. There was an inverse and significant correlation between infection frequency and adherence to preventive measures, including triage (p < 0.001, r = -0.40), health protocols (p < 0.001, r = -0.372), prophylactic mouthwash use (p < 0.001, r = -0.307), protective equipment (p < 0.001, r = -0.42), and disinfection (p = 0.004, r = -0.10). Conclusion: Vaccination and the implementation of preventive measures including triage, disinfection, adherence to health protocols, use of prophylactic mouthwashes, and the use of protective equipment significantly reduced the incidence of COVID-19 infections. It is recommended that similar studies be conducted on a broader population and under varying climatic and geographical conditions.

School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research in Medicine 1735-5311 49 2 2025 9 1 Quantitative Structure- Activity Relationship Study of a Series of Monoketoacid Derivatives as Anti-HIV Agents 57 69 FA Nasrin Zarei Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Tannaz Zebardast Department of Medicinal Chemistry, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Hajimahdi Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Afshin Zarghi Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background and Aim: Due to the complexity of drug discovery processes and the high cost of biological testing, computational methods in medicinal chemistry have gained attention as effective tools for streamlining drug design. One such approach is Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis, which uses mathematical and statistical models to predict the biological activity of chemical compounds based on their structural features. By extracting molecular descriptors and establishing mathematical relationships between chemical structure and biological activity, QSAR enables the prediction of biological behavior without the need for synthesis and experimental evaluation. This strategy not only reduces time and cost but also plays a significant role in optimizing drug structures and enhancing their efficacy. In the present study, QSAR analysis was performed on a series of monoketo acid derivatives previously reported to exhibit inhibitory activity against HIV. The resulting model, with strong predictive capability, may be used for the rational design of new compounds with potential anti-HIV activity and serves as a valuable tool in the development of HIV inhibitors. Methods: This study was conducted using computational techniques. First, the chemical structures of the selected compounds were drawn and their energy levels optimized. Molecular descriptors were calculated using Dragon and PaDEL software. Constant, near-constant, and highly correlated descriptors were removed to improve model quality. The dataset was randomly divided into training and test sets. Important descriptors were selected using the stepwise method, and a multiple linear regression (MLR) model was constructed. For model validation, both internal and external validation techniques were applied. The coefficient of determination (R²) for the training and test sets, as well as the Leave-One-Out cross- validation coefficient (Q²_LOO), were calculated. Acceptable models were defined as those with R² and Q² values greater than 0.6. Results: The coefficient of determination (R²) for the training and test sets was 0.834 and 0.808, respectively. The cross-validation coefficient (Q²_LOO) was 0.681, indicating good internal predictive power. The descriptors selected in the final model included R7e, RDF155e, AATS6s, and maxaaCH, belonging to the GETAWAY, RDF, AC, and Electrotopological classes, respectively. Conclusion: The developed QSAR model appears statistically significant and suitable for predicting the inhibitory activity of novel monoketo acid derivatives against HIV-1. This model can be considered a valuable computational tool for the rational design of new anti-HIV agents.

School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Research in Medicine 1735-5311 49 2 2025 9 1 Ethics in Medical Diagnostic Laboratories: A Necessity for Quality Improvement- A Narrative Review 70 82 FA Zahra Rajabi Zoonoses Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fateme Farhid Hakim Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Bahram Nikmanesh Zoonoses Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background and Aim: Medical diagnostic laboratories play a vital role in public health, and adherence to professional ethics is essential for ensuring service quality, patient trust, and system safety. This study aimed to review professional ethical standards in diagnostic laboratories as a necessity for quality improvement. Methods: This narrative review was conducted by searching Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2000 and 2024 using specialized keywords. Out of 74 retrieved sources, 22 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed thematically based on ethical codes from Iran, IFBLS, and WHO. Results: Ethics are a fundamental and inseparable component of medicine and related sciences. Defined as “moral principles,” ethics are essential across all fields. The ethical framework governing laboratory tests prioritizes patient safety, individual autonomy and dignity, and the preservation of professional integrity. Ethical principles were analyzed across three dimensions: bioethical principles, laboratory process stages, and stakeholders (including patients, colleagues, and society). Key indicators included respect, beneficence, confidentiality, justice, informed consent, accountability, and avoidance of conflicts of interest. Conclusion: Emphasizing ethical considerations is crucial for the professional development of diagnostic laboratories. Training and related practices are vital for enhancing the skills of laboratory personnel, which in turn improves the quality of laboratory services. Ethically, no discrimination should occur in the provision of laboratory services. Clients must be informed of their legal rights and the confidentiality principles upheld within laboratory settings. Upholding professional ethics strengthens service quality, public trust, and equity in healthcare. Implementing ethical guidelines, continuous training, and structured oversight are essential strategies in this regard.